Due to the characteristics of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as their dispersed spatial locations, small individual capacities, and fluctuating outputs, traditional centralized dispatch methods are inadequate for managing large-scale flexible distributed resources. To address the challenges of controlling the growing number of distributed resources, virtual power plant (VPP) technology serves as an effective management tool. By leveraging advanced control and communication technologies, VPPs aggregate and optimize the coordination of distributed energy resources, including distributed generation, energy storage, and demand-side resources. This approach mitigates the volatility of distributed resource outputs and reduces the costs associated with integrating and managing these resources.